Integrated circuit

In electronics, an integrated circuit (also known as IC, microcircuit, microchip, silicon chip, or chip) is a miniaturized electronic circuit (consisting mainly of semiconductor devices, as well as passive components) that has been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material.
A hybrid integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit constructed of individual semiconductor devices, as well as passive components, bonded to a substrate or circuit board.
This article is about monolithic integrated circuits.

Advances in integrated circuits
The integrated circuit from an Intel 8742, an
8-bit microcontroller that includes a CPU running at 12 MHz, 128 bytes of RAM, 2048 bytes of EPROM, and I/O in the same chip.

Among the most advanced integrated circuits are the microprocessors or "cores", which control everything from computers to cellular phones to digital microwave ovens. Digital memory chips and ASICs are examples of other families of integrated circuits that are important to the modern information society. While cost of designing and developing a complex integrated circuit is quite high, when spread across typically millions of production units the individual IC cost is minimized. The performance of ICs is high because the small size allows short traces which in turn allows low power logic (such as CMOS) to be used at fast switching speeds.

Microelectronics.

Change the paragraph to the Present Perfect Tense.

Microelectronics is a sub field of electronics. Microelectronics, as the

name suggests, __________ ______________ (is) related to the

study and manufacture of electronic components which _________

_____________ (are) very small (usually micron-scale or smaller, but

not always). These devices _________ ______________ (are) made

from semiconductors using a process known as photolithography.

Many components of normal electronic design ___________ (are)

_____________ available in microelectronic equivalent: transistors,

capacitors, inductors, resistors, diodes and of course insulators and

conductors can all be found in microelectronic devices.

Digital integrated circuits (ICs) consist mostly of transistors. Analog

circuits commonly contain resistors and capacitors as well. Inductors

________ _____________ (are) used in some high frequency analog

circuits, but tend to occupy large chip area if used at low frequencies;

gyrators can replace them.

As techniques improve, the scale of microelectronic components

continues to decrease. At smaller scales, the relative impact of

intrinsic circuit properties such as interconnections may become more

significant. These ___________ _______________ (are) called

parasitic effects, and the goal of the microelectronics design engineer

is to find ways to compensate for or to minimize these effects, while

always delivering smaller, faster, and cheaper devices.