Microelectronics.

Change the paragraph to the Present Perfect Tense.

Microelectronics is a sub field of electronics. Microelectronics, as the

name suggests, __________ ______________ (is) related to the

study and manufacture of electronic components which _________

_____________ (are) very small (usually micron-scale or smaller, but

not always). These devices _________ ______________ (are) made

from semiconductors using a process known as photolithography.

Many components of normal electronic design ___________ (are)

_____________ available in microelectronic equivalent: transistors,

capacitors, inductors, resistors, diodes and of course insulators and

conductors can all be found in microelectronic devices.

Digital integrated circuits (ICs) consist mostly of transistors. Analog

circuits commonly contain resistors and capacitors as well. Inductors

________ _____________ (are) used in some high frequency analog

circuits, but tend to occupy large chip area if used at low frequencies;

gyrators can replace them.

As techniques improve, the scale of microelectronic components

continues to decrease. At smaller scales, the relative impact of

intrinsic circuit properties such as interconnections may become more

significant. These ___________ _______________ (are) called

parasitic effects, and the goal of the microelectronics design engineer

is to find ways to compensate for or to minimize these effects, while

always delivering smaller, faster, and cheaper devices.